Example Exam Questions

From Primary sources of Greece and Perisans, how do you think things would have been different if Persians won?

If the Persians won the war, there would have been a different Athens.

1."...that thereby I may obtain vengeance from the Athenians for the wrongs committed by them against the Persians and against my father."
a. He would have been a dictator and not cared about the Athenians.
2."The sun will then shine on no land beyond our borders; for I will pass through Europe from one end to the other, and with your aid make of all the lands which it contains one country. "
a. Xeres wanted to make Athens under the rule of Persia. This would mean Europe would have been under the rule of Xeres and the Persians.
3"...not for any wrong that they had done us, but only to increase our empire, we should then allow the Greeks, who have done us such wanton injury, to escape our vengeance.”
a.Persians only wanted to conquer. They did not care about who they conquered, just that it was conquered.
4. Under the Persians, Athens would not have conquered how they did. All of the other countries off of Athens would not have become who they were because the land would have been under Persian control.


"Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus: Xerxes Invades Greece, from The Histories." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 27 May 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodotus-xerxes.html.

Thesis
and
Outline of
Three Body Paragraphs
Primary Sources
Explanations

Egpyt and Greece Notes

• feather of Maht heavier than the heart you could pass into the after life and your name is put in the book of the dead and you can pass into eternity
• Osiris king of the dead
• Isis queen of the dead

• Herodotus wrote the Persian war between the Greeks and Persians- considered the "Grandfather of History"
• Thucydides wrote the second half of the 5th century- peloponisian war between Spartans and Athenians
• Xenophon wrote about the time of Socrates
• Aristotle wrote the first encyclopedia which he ogt help from the students at his school
• Plutarch- greek living during the roman era- known for his biographies
• Pausanias- wrote the first travel guide to the sites in greece

• Persian war takes place during the end of the 5th century-beginning of the classical age- largest empire in the world
• xeres goes up the coast and says- Join us or we'll destory you
• Bosphorus is a strait that forms the boundary between Europe and Asia
• go across greek through macedonia
• stopped at thermopoli
• spartans held them off for 3 days so Athens could be evacuated
• harbour called Piraeus
• When persians got to acropolis they burned everything
• athenians came back and rebuilt the acropolis from funding from the League of athens which was put together to help defend themselves from other cities
• side wall- constructed from remains of the sack-memorials to persian war
• Grove of dyonisus in bottome left- trees- then the theater of dyonisus
• Theater and Religon very strong linked with acropolis- war, gods,
• another theater that wasnt there during the 5th century..put in by the romans
• enter acropolis from a stair area and there are some temples-Athena,
• Pathenon- big building- most important pice of Doric architect(oldest)-center of the city-temple to Athena who was the protector God-built from funds of Athenian legue
• Athens win at the battle of Soronius and Persians kicked back

More notes on Medici Movie

• Two cousins try to gain ultimate power
• 1501- Florence- Rennaissance for 200 years
• 13 foot block of marble was being made by Michaelangelo
• The project took 3 years to complete
• It symbolized the struffle of the family he once adored-Medici
• A civil war came out because of the wealth of the Medici family
• The heirs to the dynasty were cast into exile
• Julio-ordanded priest
• Govani- Already a cardinal
• Michaelangelo was almost done with his masterpiece to show the independence of Florence
• 1504- Michaelangelo showed his work to the outside world- The David
• The symbol of resistance to the overbearing Medici
• The cousins arrived in Rome after 9 years of exile
• The Pope was sympathetic and helped them assemble an army which headed back to Florence
• Some of the artists starteed taking dead bodies to study them- One of them was Leonardo
• Leonardo knew he was the greatest artist of his time, but Michaelanglo was his rival
• They each were given a wall to draw battle scenes on to see who was the best
• 1512- there was heavily armed soldiers getting really close to Florence
• The people prepared for the onslaught, but they knew they were outnumbered
• Nikelo Macheveli- determined to defend the city from the Medici dictatorship- he assembled a well equipped national army
• The army reached Platto just outside of Florence- It was a bloodbath
• Leaders of Republic Surrendered
• Medici got control of the city, but not the trust of the people of Florence
• The pope died and the cardinals were called to Rome
• Giovanni Medici became Pope Leo the 10th
• Florence welcomed him back with open arms
• First time the leader of the Catholic Church born in Florence
• In a month, his cousin was made Archbishop and Cardinal
• Giovani had risen higher than any of his ancestors
• Michaelangelo was forced to paint the Sistein chapel
• He had people help him paint it
• It was fresco-had to work really fast
• 300 figures and stories in the Bible- Creation of Adam, The Flood
• Crafted brilliance and greatest work of the Renaissance
• Medici saw power in Michaelangelo's work and made him an offer he dared not refuse
• Ordered him to build glorious tombs for their dead fathers that honored the Medici
• Machiaveli was thrown in prison and tortured- he was then exiled
• He wrote a handbook for dictators- Called the Prince-described the politics devoid of morality
• Medici refused to employ Machiaveli
• 1516- group of cardinals conspired to assassinate the Pope
• Leo was warned of the conspirators and went to kill the conspirators
• The Medici made sure the people surrounded them were loyal
• Leo created 100's of new jobs and sold them to those he could trust- he needed the money because he had used all the money
• He sold indulgence's to people, so they could get rid of their sins
• An indulgence could even be bought for the dead
• Profits soared and lifted Pope Leo out of death
• Luther was horrifed at what the church was doing
• Matin Luther published a Manifesto for change- it was printed and circulated- traveled really far and fast
• Start of a Revolution- Luther was trying to reform the church, not destroy it
• The Manifesto reached the Pope- it didn't really matter to him
• Leo wrote a document to silence heritichs-denied Luther access to heaven
• Luther didn't accept his punishment
• 1521- Leo suddenly died and Julio was left with the problem
• Julio was then crowned king and was left with the problem
• Armies went to Rome- you don't sack a sacred city
• Julio fled to somewhere and Rome was torn apart
• 8,000 people died on the first day
• Julio changed his clothes and had all the gold melted- he bribed his way out of the city
• The David was ruined- all in the defiance of the Medici
• Pople Julio was ready to attack Florence
• Michaelangelo cowered in the tombs that he had built
• Katherine Medici was 11 and next in line for the thrown- "Called her My pearl beyond price"
• Julio called off his troops- he had plans for Katherine
• He married her off to the son of the French king- she was 14
• Religious fate would soon infect France as well
• Julio asked Michaelangelo to paint a fresco- Painted the Last Judgement
• Transition of from Impressionism to Expressionism
• 1534-Julio died which ended the era
• Corrupt reign of the Medici Pope's were over

German Reprimation-Martin Luther

• 1483-desolation and disease-plague can wipe out entire towns, most children dead before they were 5
• only consolation was the church and promise of heaven-which made it most powerful-really rich, but also corrupt
• 1546-Luther travels to Eisleben on his final journey
• Came from Northern Germany with the Church as a major thing there
• Church declared everything
• Luther was an alter boy and sang in the choir
• His father broke free from the futile system- he was really hard on Luther and judged him-wanted him to become a lawyer
• Luther was always afraid of failing
• Enrolled in the university of Erford-gained his bachelor and masters
• Great center of the Church
• 1505- the plague struck Erford-Black Death
• 3 of Luther's friends were killed by the disease
• Returning home from visiting his family, he was caught in a thunderstorm, he vowed himself to become a monk
• He finally took charge of his life and did what he wanted
• Welcomed into the heart of the Catholic church
• Devoted himself to the church life and graduated to the black robe monks
• They imitated what happened to Christ
• The years in the monastery ruined his health
• Different from other monks because he carried about reconciled to God
• Went to Rome on a pilgrimage
• 1510- arrived in Rome when Rennaissance was in its height
• Overwhelmed by the city
• It was as much about money as it was religion
• Didn't like the way reflected Christianity
• Stayed in penance for a really long time
• Went to Wittenburg monastery
• Was taken under the wing of one of the monks and was made professor of bible study

Is a Monarchy more Effective than Democracy?

Two types of government have greatly affected our government how it is today. These two types are monarchy, with a king or queen, and democracy with a president and representatives. In England around 1509, they had a monarchy and Henry VIII was the king. Our type of government today is a democracy. The government we have is a much better type of government than a monarchy.

In 1509, Henry VIII was crowned king after the death of his brother (“Web”). With him being the monarch, he had all of the control over England except for the church which the Pope was in charge of (“Web”). Because King Henry VIII had all the power he could do what he wanted, so he just focused his attention on foreign policies in Western Europe (“Web”). Also, during Henry’s reign, there was a problem with the church and caused the formation of the Church of England (“Web”). Henry wanted a son, but his current wife Catherine could not have one (“Web”). He therefore wanted to divorce her and marry Anne Boleyn (“Web”). The Pope however, because he was in charge of the church, would not let him have the divorce (“Web”). So, Henry broke away from the church and created the Church of England. Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy saying that Henry was 'the only supreme head of the Church of England called Anglicana Ecclesia' (“Web”). The first line of the Act states, “Albeit the king's Majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church of England…” (“Act”). This shows that the king is the only one in charge instead of the Pope.Because you had to follow what the king made law; it caused many religious differences between the Protestants and the Catholics (“Web”).

Democracies help the country more. They allow everyone to have a say in what happens to their nation instead of just allowing one person to. In this type of government there are representatives to serve as the “people’s” voice. If the people do not like the person they have elected, they then have the opportunity to take them out of office. Also, there are three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial (“More”). They help to keep the representative in line, so there is no corruption of the government (“More”). Our president is in charge of the government, but they have to pass their ideas through Congress. Our current president Obama has many problems that were pushed upon him as soon as he stepped up as president (Kakutani). He inherited a major financial crisis and two wars (Kakutani). About the war, Obama says, “There is no denying the progress,'' Obama said. ''Nor, however, can we deny the very serious challenges still facing Afghanistan.'' (“New”). Obama understands the need for him to pull our country together and face the challenges put in front of him. Because other people have a say in the government, it runs smoother because it involves everyone else’s ideas.

The monarchy of Henry was a great reign and he accomplished many achievements. Monarchies are not very good because they involve absolute power. If someone has absolute power then there are always problems. In a democracy there might be problems, but they can be fixed very easily with help from representatives.



Web. 13 May 2010. http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensofEngland/TheTudors/HenryVIII.aspx.

"The Act of Supremacy." Then Again. . . Web. 13 May 2010. http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/ActSupremacy.html.

"1.6 Henry VIII (1509 - 1547)." PinkMonkey.com-450+ Free Book Notes,Study Guides,Chapter Summary,Online,Download Booknotes. Web. 13 May 2010. http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/euro_his/chap1/e0101601.htm.

"A More Perfect Union - History of Democracy." Oracle ThinkQuest Library. Web. 13 May 2010. http://library.thinkquest.org/26466/history_of_democracy.html.

Kakutani, Michiko. "Books of The Times - ‘The Promise - President Obama, Year One’ by Jonathan Alter - NYTimes.com." The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. 12 May 2010. Web. 13 May 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/13/books/13book.html?src=twt&twt=nytimes.

"The New York Times Log In." The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. Web. 13 May 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/05/12/us/AP-US-US-Afghanistan.html?_r=1&src=twt&twt=nytimes.

"File:Hans Holbein D. J. 074.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 13 May 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_d._J._074.jpg.

Genius

Yes, I do believe he does. Leonardo was a great painter and inventor of the Rennaissance time period. Writing an account of Leonardo's life, Giorgio says "...so great was his genius, and such its growth..." ("Medieval"). Leonardo invented such things like how to help men move mountains and way to remove water from low places ("Medieval"). Leonardo's most famous painting, was the Last Supper with Christ and the Apostles ("Medieval"). To keep all of his great ideas a secret he wrote them in code in his notebook. Leonardo da Vinci was a great influential person of the Rennaissance.



"Medieval Sourcebook: Giorgio Vasari: Life of Leonardo Da Vinci 1550." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 12 May 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/vasari1.html.

"File:Possible Self-Portrait of Leonardo Da Vinci.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 12 May 2010. .

Leonardo da Vinci

• Moved to Florence when he was 12


• began as an apprentice in a workshop to Verrocchio


• he kept notebooks and wrote notes about all his ideas on science and art


• one of the ideas was Perspective


• Leonardo wrote everything in code- Mirror Image

Elizabeth's rise to throne

Elizabeth was a very powerful ruler. To become the Queen first, her father died, then her half brother Edward became the king. However, his decisions were not made for him. Then Edward died and Elizabeths half sister Mary came to throne. Everyone disliked Mary and wanted Elizabeth to become queen. Elizabeth came to throne in 1558.



“Elizabeth I of England." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 11 May 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I

Notes on England Movie

• Cool, moderate, reconciled
• 1559- first came to throne and ruled for around 45 years
• Daughter of Henry 8th and Ann Belin
• When three months old she was given a household
• she had really wealthy looking clothes and stuff in her hair to show her status
• Ann was sentenced for death for treason and adultery
• Elizabeth's mom died so she was considered a bastard
• Mary and Elizabeth were then nice to eachother because they were both bastards
• 1543- the royal kids were in court alot
• Elizabeth became realy really smart
• 1547- Henry started to age rapidly and then eventually died
• Edward was to become the King, but was too young
• Thomas wanted to marry Elizabeth to gain power, but eventually married Katherine Parr and moved in Elizabeth
• After a scandel, Mary became Queen
• 1550- ran her own household
• Mary wanted England to become Catholic
• Mary had Elizabeth locked up, but in the end reconciled and Elizabeth was aloud to return home
• 1557- mary had a campaign against the french and her marriage to phillip had england at its lowest point
• 25 when she started her reign
• 1558- proclaimed queen of england

Henry

Henry wants to divorce his wife Catherine because she cannot produce a male son. He then meets Ann and wants to marry her. The Pope does not allow it. Henry then breaks off from the church and creates the Church of England. He was in charge of his churcha and could make the laws. Now, because of this he could divorce his wife and marry Ann.

"Henry VIII of England." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 11 May 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England#Separation_from_Rome:_1533.E2.80.931540.

Exploration

Exploration has shaped our culture to be how it is today. Exploration dates back to the beginning of the world as we know it. Native Americans explored the earth and its surroundings and Christopher Columbus decided to go off the norm and travel to America and explore it. People even explored the universe by going to the moon and helping us understand what is out of our reach from earth. During the Renaissance, the Medici family was one of the major families that explored and made Florence flourish with the beautiful arts. Exploration is definitely a good thing, even if there are consequences.
The Medici family generation went back to 1230 ("House”). They were one of the most powerful families of the time period of the Renaissance ("House”). The Medici family had friends everywhere. Giovanni Medici created the Medici Bank which was backed by the Pope ("House”). It became the wealthiest business in Florence of that time ("House”). The Medici’s worked very hard to become the most powerful family. The family was very into the arts and architecture ("House”). They explored it and took very big risks. One of the great risks they took included finding an architect that could finish building the most valuable building in Florence: its dome (“BBC”). The architect was named Fillipo Brunelleschi. He was a self-taught genius that had a very unorthodox type of art according to the other inhabitants of Florence (“BBC”). Medici, however, thought his style was great and started to pay him to do work (“BBC”). By doing this, concepts of the past were brought back which influenced many people across Europe (“BBC”). The Medici stayed by Brunelleschi side and backed him up on the building of the dome (“BBC”). Many people disagreed over his work and did not think it was going to be good, over many years; the dome was finally finished and became the greatest architect in Florence (“BBC”). Describing the dome, a man said “...It touches the skies and casts a shadow...” (“BBC”). By hiring Brunelleschi, the Medici family helped the people explore a new way of looking at the things around them.
The Medici family was very interactive with the arts of this time period. Art flourished amazingly during this time. Artists only made pieces of art if they were commissioned to ("House”). The Medici family paid many different artists to create art for them. They commissioned great artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo ("House”). The Medici family was also a direct involvement of the art by creating some of their own, especially Lorenzo Medici ("House”). Lorenzo was a poet and song writer ("House”). This was a very high point in the family ("House). “He [Lorenzo] had the greatest love and admiration for all who excelled in any art, and was a great patron of learning and of literary men…” ("Medieval”). From his love and admiration he helped Florence grow widely because of his exploration of the arts. “And for the purpose of enabling the Florentine youths to devote themselves to the study of letters, he established a university in the city of Pisa, where he employed the most eminent men of all Italy as professors.” ("Medieval”). Lorenzo created an art school to teach people art. In this school he featured some of his own art collection ("BBC”). Lorenzo was a great leader that greatly helped Florence to prosper.
The Medici family was a great, powerful family. They did not use their power for bad, but instead for the good. They helped the people of their city to see the beauty of art and to appreciate it by hiring artists. During their time, Florence was at one of its highest point. The Medici’s family’s exploration of art and architecture has greatly influenced the Renaissance and even our world today.


"BBC - BBC Four Documentaries - Northern Renaissance." BBC - Homepage. Web. 06 May 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/northern-renaissance.shtml


"House of Medici." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 06 May 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Medici#Designation_and_details

"Medieval Sourcebook: Niccolò Machiavelli: History of Florence: Lorence De' Medici." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 06 May 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/machiavelli-histflo-lorenzo.html

"File:Lorenzo De' Medici-ritratto.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 06 May 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lorenzo_de%27_Medici-ritratto.jpg

Medici

The Medici were a very powerful family with a lot of money. They created a bank and were backed by the Pope to become even more powerful. They paid artists and architects to do work for them which made the arts flourish because artists only worked if they were paid. They did it to be the most powerful family ahead of the other wealthy families and to be in charge of Florence.


"House of Medici." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 06 May 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Medici#Designation_and_details

"File:Bronzino-Giovanni-di-Medici-cropped.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 06 May 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bronzino-Giovanni-di-Medici-cropped.jpg

External vs. Internal

Both of these explorations have huge effects on society. You first need to understand know math and science before you can calculate how you are going to explore the world. During the Renaissance, both math and science were huge. During the Reniassance they found a new scientific method that helped explore the outer world such as astronomy, physcs, and anatomy. During this time, it was more humanism then philosophy. They studied poetry, grammar, history, moral philosophy and rhetoric. Both these have a very long effect on society and still effect us today.

"Renaissance." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 05 May 2010. .

"File:Lady with an Ermine.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 05 May 2010. .

Hawkins

I don't really think there is life out there. Even if there was it would take longer than 2 years to get to it. If there is life, we shouldn't try to find it. They could end up being more powerful than us humans and take over Earth. We should let them live, and they won't bother us.Hopefully...


Memmott, Mark. "Don't Tell The Aliens We're Here, Stephen Hawking Says; They Might Not Be Friendly - The Two-Way - Breaking News, Analysis Blog : NPR." NPR : National Public Radio : News & Analysis, World, US, Music & Arts : NPR. Web. 05 May 2010. .

"File:Stephen Hawking.StarChild.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 05 May 2010. .

Notes on Movie

• 1389- boy baptised, son of local birth-Medici
• Florence artists- Michalangelo, Leonardo,
• Men were searching for treasure in the Holy Church
• They were really after knowledge and secrets from the ancient world
• 1410- Belasiavaro was elected Pope
• City was a failure though because their dome was not finished
• Phillipo Brunilesci- self taught genius obsessed with the mysteries of the ancient worlds, his style was "unorthodox"
• The Medici's however took him and brought back concepts of the past
• Brunilesci influenced people across Europe
• Backed up by Medici's and set to work on the Dome
• he wrote his calculations on code, so people wouldn't steal his ideas
• he put a dome within a dome
• He made people eat and drink while building
• 14??- giovani medici died
• 1433- Cosimo was summoned to the palace of government- awaited were the Alebici and wanted to wipe him out
• He was imprisoned
• They couldnt kill him unless the people agreed
• he was accused of treason and was found guilty
• Cosimo still had friends even in the enemy..he made a deal and got out of death
• He and his family were banished
• Brunilessci was thrown in jail and the dome building stopped
• Florence stopped prospering
• Cosimo was waiting to be summoned because the city was downspiraling
• the people who had took over the city didnt help the city at all...friends of Medici went into the city and Medici was offered the city and he accepted
• Cosimo decided everything that had to do with the city
• Money came back to Florence and work continued on the dome
• The bank became larger and collected money from other parishes
• The Medici bank was the most prosperous business
• Brunillesco invented linear perspective- 3D
• He put bricks and verticle bricks and it was finished
• Brunelissci proved that mand can defeat the impossible
• "It touches the skies and casts a shadow" - talking about the dome
• Art and architect flourished in Florence
• Cosimo baptised a son and grandson
• He was named "Father of the Fatherland"

• 1466- the Medici were in danger of rival families
• People were trying to kill the father-"boss"
• Lorenzo saved his father and they remained in control of political and economic control of the empire
• 1449- medici family was at risk..medici father fell in and died
• Lorenzo was the inheriter...he was the God Father of Florence
• Lorenzo helped the people of Tuscany in exchange for what they could afford
• The Medici had a chapel full of pictures of their 3 generations and all their friends
• Everyone loves Lorenzo- he's fun and poetic
• Lorenzo wants to explore and finds an artist named Monticelli
• Lorenzo was still in danger
• the pazzi were the second richest family in Florence- they were older and nobler
• Lorenzo makes sure that they are kept out of the business of Florence
• Pazzi had to eliminate the 2 brothers of Medici
• Sunday 1478- Easter day- Medici were gathered to celebrate
• Juliano Medici-stabbed 19 times and died instantly
• Lorenzo was unaccounted for- he was wounded and he showed himself to the crowd to show that they were still in business
• Violence swept throught Florence has Medici's supporteers wanted revenge
• Medici's power hung by a thread
• Lorenzo went to negoiate alone with people in the south
• Traveled 300 miles -1479 arrived in Naples- he made peace with everyone and the enemy troops were called off- Lorenzo saved Florence from destruction
• Hailed by his grateful city
• His experiences had changed him and he worked to work to keep their family powerful
• he adopted his brothers son
• used power and wealth to magnificant effect
• Leonardo da Vinci- great talent-reflected the natural world
• Monticelli- Paegan mythologies
• Savonerola- sickened by Lorenzo's world and thought it was full of sin, opposed to any visual art not religious
• 1487- Lorenzo's wife died of turberculoses at age 34
• Lorenzo found solace in art- 1488 founded first art school in history-found Michaelangelo and put him under his wing and took him into his family
• Savonerola got an audience of people to hear him- he said he could see the future and the downfall of Florence with Lorenzo
• 1492- Lorenzo became seriously ill and turned to the church
• Lorenzo called Savonerola to his death bed and Lorenzo was damned
• Lorenzo died at the age of 43
• Savonerola destroyed everything Lorenzo created and burned books, wigs, jewels, cosmetics..everything from the Rennaissance
• Became known as the "Bonfire of the Vanities"
• Florence became a vision of hell

Middle and Rennaissance Art

Middle ages and its art was a lot different than the Rennaissance art. Most of the art built in the middle ages was for the church and it mostly had to do with Jesus. They also built many gorgeous stained glass windows for the church. In the Rennaissance, the artists stopped painting images of the church. They started to creat images from within and the human form.



"Medieval Art." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 04 May 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_art.


"Renaissance." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 04 May 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#Humanism.

"File:ArrasWawel.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 04 May 2010. .