Final Exam

Explain why some scholars have called the Ancient Egyptians a "death obsessed" culture. Do you agree?

Thesis:Yes,Egyptians loved death, but they also loved living.Egyptians were not obsessed with death.

1. "Lord of the fish, during the inundation, no bird alights on the crops. You create the grain, you bring forth the barley, assuring perpetuity to the temples. If you cease your toil and your work, then all that exists is in anguish. If the gods suffer in heaven, then the faces of men waste away."

Hymn to the Nile, c. 2100 BCE
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/Hymn-Nile.html

2."Then reciting the appointed psalms, he said the burial prayers and thought to himself"

The Life of Our Holy Mother Mary of Egypt
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/maryegypt.html

3."His advent, has beautified by residence, has consecrated by suffering, has redeemed by death, has glorified by burial."
Urban II (1088-1099):
Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095,
Five versions of the Speech
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/urban2-5vers.html

The first primary source shows that the Egyptians did like to live, but the following two primary sources show how they did love death and honored it with great burials and prayers.



Do you think Alexander honestly felt like he was avenging Persian wrongs? Or was that just propaganda to mask his goal of conquest?

Thesis: Alexander just wanted to fulfill himself with conquering the whole world and the Persians were just one of the next to be conquered.

1. "With the conquest of Thrace our situation changed: we controlled the whole of the western coast of the Aegean; but our mastery of the Aegean was threatened by the maritime power of Persia. Fortunately I struck before Darius was ready. I thought I was following in the footsteps of Achilles and should have the glory of conquering a new Ilium for Greece; actually, as I see today, it was absolutely necessary to drive the Persians back from the Aegean Sea; and I drove them back, my dear master, so thoroughly that I occupied the whole of Bithynia, Phrygia, and Cappadocia, laid waste Cilicia, and only stopped at Tarsus. Asia Minor was ours. Not only the old Aegean basin but the whole northern coast of the Mediterranean was in our hands. "

The Need for Source Criticism:
A Letter from Alexander to Aristotle?

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/alexfake.html

2."Alexander the Great imitated Achilles, Caesar Alexander, Scipio Cyrus. And whoever reads the life of Cyrus, written by Xenophon, will recognize afterwards in the life of Scipio how that imitation was his glory, and how in chastity, affability, humanity, and liberality Scipio conformed to those things which have been written of Cyrus by Xenophon. A wise prince ought to observe some such rules, and never in peaceful times stand idle, but increase his resources with industry in such a way that they may be available to him in adversity, so that if fortune chances it may find him prepared to resist her blows. "

Nicolo Machiavelli (1469-1527):
The Prince, 1513

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/machiavelli-prince.html

3. "Alexander was driven to launch his Asian campaigns by his firm belief that he was invincible and godlike. His family was thought to be descended from Hercules, and Alexander often emulated him as well as his personal hero, Achilles. Throughout his life, Alexander was encouraged by favorable omens and miracles that his diviners interpreted for him. "

Alexander in Persia

http://wso.williams.edu/~junterek/persia.htm

Alexander in the first primary source says that they were "threatened" and that was he reason he attacked Persia. That it was not for conquest. However the other two primary sources say that he did do it for conquest and that he could not "stand still".


Who is a better model for modern historians: Herodotus or Thucydides? Why?

Thesis: Both HErodotus and Thucydides were great historians and inspired many people.

1. "Greek historian, called the Father of History"

11th Brittanica: Herodotus
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/eb11-herodotus.html

2. "Now the Persian nation is made up of many tribes. Those which Cyrus assembled and persuaded to revolt from the Medes were the principal ones on which all the others are dependent. These are the Pasargadae, the Maraphians, and the Maspians, of whom the Pasargadae are the noblest. The Achaemenidae, from which spring all the Perseid kings, is one of their clans. The rest of the Persian tribes are the following: the Panthialaeans, the Derusiaeans, the Germanians, who are engaged in husbandry; the Daans, the Mardians, the Dropicans, and the Sagartians, who are nomads."

Herodotus:
On The Customs of the Persians, c. 430 BCE

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodotus-persians.html


3."The present division of the History into eight books is one which might well have proceeded from the author himself, as being a natural and convenient disposition of the contents. The first book, after a general introduction, sets forth the causes of the Peloponnesian War. The first nine years of the war are contained in the second, third and fourth books-three years in each. The fifth book contains the tenth year, followed by the interaval of the "insecure peace." The Sicilian expedition fills the sixth and seventh books. The eighth books opens that last chapter of the struggle which is known as the "Decelean" or "Ionian" War, and breaks off abruptly-in the middle of a sentence, indeed-in the year 411. "

11th Brittanica: Thucydides
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/eb11-thucydides.html

The second and third primary sources give accounts made by Herodotus and Thucydides. They both wrote great accounts of history. Herodotus, the Persians and Thucydides the Pelponesian wars. The first primary source shows that people considered Herodotus the best history writer.


Were the Vikings "barbarians"?

The vikings were barbians that killed people for there goods and money.

1."843 A.D. Pirates of the Northmen's race came to Nantes, killed the bishop and many of the clergy and laymen, both men and women, and pillaged the city. Thence they set out to plunder the lands of lower Aquitaine. At length they arrived at a certain island [the isle of Rhé, near La Rochelle, north of the mouth of the Garonne], and carried materials thither from the mainland to build themselves houses; and they settled there for the winter, as if that were to be their permanent dwelling-place. "

Three Sources on the Ravages of the Northmen in Frankland, c. 843 - 912
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/843bertin.html

2."One summer Harald Grayskin with his troops went north to
Bjarmaland, where be forayed, and fought a great battle with the
inhabitants on the banks of the Vina (Dwina). King Harald gained
the victory, killed many people, plundered and wasted and burned
far and wide in the land, and made enormous booty."
Heimskringla
or
The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway

http://omacl.org/Heimskringla/grafeld.html

3. " He plundered
much in the East sea. One summer, as he was coming from the
eastward on a viking's expedition to the coast of Viken, he
landed there and made a cattle foray. As King Harald happened,
just at that time, to be in Viken, he heard of it, and was in a
great rage; for he had forbid, by the greatest punishment, the
plundering within the bounds of the country."

All three of these primary sources show the horrible side of the vikings. All they did was plunder different countries, but if they plundered their own it was a punishment. They killed anyone that got in the way of their plundering.




Describe the significance of the Battle of Tours.

The battle was really important to they Muslims if they had won.

1."From 711 Muslim forces crossed the Straits of Gibraltar, conquered the Visigothic Kingdom, and in less than a decade crossed the Pyrenees. In 732, under the command of Abd-er- rahman, they were decisively defeated by Charles Martel and the Franks at the Battle of Poitiers [or Tours]. This event looms much larger in Western history than Muslim - leading to a famous passage of purple prose by Edward Gibbon about minarets rather than spires in Oxford if the Muslims had won. The event was notice the Muslim world.."

Anon Arab Chronicler: The Battle of Poitiers, 732
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/arab-poitiers732.html

2. "..was right great and perilous, and many deeds of arms there was done the which all came not to knowledge. The fighters on both sides endured much pain: king John with his own hands did that day marvels in arms: he had an axe in his hands wherewith he defended himself and fought in the breaking of the press."Jean Froissart: On The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/froissart1.html

3."But many of the Moslems were fearful for the safety of the spoil which they had stored in their tents, and a false cry arose in their ranks that some of the enemy were plundering the camp; whereupon several squadrons of the Moslem horsemen rode off to protect their tents. But it seemed as if they fled; and all the host was troubled. And while Abderrahman strove to check their tumult, and to lead them back to battle, the warriors of the Franks came around him, and he was pierced through with many spears, so that he died. Then all the host fled before the enemy, and many died in the flight. . . . "

Anon Arab Chronicler: The Battle of Poitiers, 732
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/arab-poitiers732.html

These primary sources show that the Muslims really needed to win the battle.They did not however win, but they had heart to try and fight even if they were not real soldiers.


What was the long range political impact of the reign of the Medici popes?

The Medici popes were all about power and getting their whole family to be the most powerful family of the Renaissance.

Thesis: The Medici pope's were dictators and did not care what other people thought in their dictatorship.

1. "Giovanni later ruled as Pope Leo X (reigned 1513-1521) and was also a patron of the arts. "

Lorenzo De Medici: Paternal Advice To A Cardinal (C. 1491)
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/lorenzomed1.html

2. "Florence lay at the mercy of the Pope, and had to submit to his terms, one of which was that the Medici should be restored. The return of the Medici to Florence on 1st September 1512, and the consequent fall of the Republic, was the signal for the dismissal of Machiavelli and his friends, and thus put an end to his public career, for, as we have seen, he died without regaining office. "

Nicolo Machiavelli (1469-1527):
The Prince, 1513
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/machiavelli-prince.html

3. " The Open Letter is, therefore, Luther's first publication after the time when he recognized that the breach between him and the papal church was complete, and likely to be permanent. Meanwhile, the opposing party had come to the same conclusion. The verdict of the pope upon Luther had been long delayed, but on the 15th of June, midway between the letter to Spalatin, above mentioned, and completion of the Open Letter, Leo X signed the bull of excommunication, though it was not published in Germany until later. Thus Open Letter shows us the mind of Luther in the weeks when the permanent separation between him and Rome took place."

Martin Luther: Open Letter to German Nobility, 1520
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/luther-germnobintro.html

These primary sources show that the Medici pope's were fully in charge. Luther sent the pope a letter telling him he was wrong and was then excommunicated. The Medici pope's did not rule as a republic, but as a dictatorship.

Who was Augustine of Hippo?
Augustine of Hippo was a bishop of the city Hippo.

"I might, indeed, reply that miracles were necessary before the world believed, in order that it might believe."

"Medieval Sourcebook: Augustine: City of God: Book 22:8-10. On Miracles." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 04 June 2010. .

"Augustine tried to defend the Church by tracing the history of two cities or states from the beginning of the world"

"Medieval Sourcebook: Augustine of Hippo: The City of God, Excerpts." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 04 June 2010. .

"I came to Carthage, where a caldron of unholy loves was seething and bubbling all around me."

"Medieval Sourcebook: Nicene Creed." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 04 June 2010. .


5. Explain how the Medici encouraged "exploration". Why did they do it?
Medici encouraged exploration so they could be in charge of Florence.

"He was a humanist, arts patron - and a skillful politician"

"Medieval Sourcebook: Lorenzo De Medici: Paternal Advice To A Cardinal (C. 1491)." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 04 June 2010. .

"These proofs of regard from foreign sovereigns caused Lorenzo to be looked upon with the greatest admiration by all Italy; and his reputation was daily increased by his rare ability"

"Medieval Sourcebook: Niccolò Machiavelli: History of Florence: Lorence De' Medici." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 04 June 2010. .

"for during this time he took a leading part in the affairs of the Republic"

"Medieval Sourcebook: Nicolo Machiavelli: The Prince, 1513." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 04 June 2010. .


Summarize how Elizabeth rises to the throne -- from her birth to her coronation.
Elizabeth had a very troubled childhood and one of the best reign as queen of England.

Example Exam Questions

From Primary sources of Greece and Perisans, how do you think things would have been different if Persians won?

If the Persians won the war, there would have been a different Athens.

1."...that thereby I may obtain vengeance from the Athenians for the wrongs committed by them against the Persians and against my father."
a. He would have been a dictator and not cared about the Athenians.
2."The sun will then shine on no land beyond our borders; for I will pass through Europe from one end to the other, and with your aid make of all the lands which it contains one country. "
a. Xeres wanted to make Athens under the rule of Persia. This would mean Europe would have been under the rule of Xeres and the Persians.
3"...not for any wrong that they had done us, but only to increase our empire, we should then allow the Greeks, who have done us such wanton injury, to escape our vengeance.”
a.Persians only wanted to conquer. They did not care about who they conquered, just that it was conquered.
4. Under the Persians, Athens would not have conquered how they did. All of the other countries off of Athens would not have become who they were because the land would have been under Persian control.


"Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus: Xerxes Invades Greece, from The Histories." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 27 May 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodotus-xerxes.html.

Thesis
and
Outline of
Three Body Paragraphs
Primary Sources
Explanations

Egpyt and Greece Notes

• feather of Maht heavier than the heart you could pass into the after life and your name is put in the book of the dead and you can pass into eternity
• Osiris king of the dead
• Isis queen of the dead

• Herodotus wrote the Persian war between the Greeks and Persians- considered the "Grandfather of History"
• Thucydides wrote the second half of the 5th century- peloponisian war between Spartans and Athenians
• Xenophon wrote about the time of Socrates
• Aristotle wrote the first encyclopedia which he ogt help from the students at his school
• Plutarch- greek living during the roman era- known for his biographies
• Pausanias- wrote the first travel guide to the sites in greece

• Persian war takes place during the end of the 5th century-beginning of the classical age- largest empire in the world
• xeres goes up the coast and says- Join us or we'll destory you
• Bosphorus is a strait that forms the boundary between Europe and Asia
• go across greek through macedonia
• stopped at thermopoli
• spartans held them off for 3 days so Athens could be evacuated
• harbour called Piraeus
• When persians got to acropolis they burned everything
• athenians came back and rebuilt the acropolis from funding from the League of athens which was put together to help defend themselves from other cities
• side wall- constructed from remains of the sack-memorials to persian war
• Grove of dyonisus in bottome left- trees- then the theater of dyonisus
• Theater and Religon very strong linked with acropolis- war, gods,
• another theater that wasnt there during the 5th century..put in by the romans
• enter acropolis from a stair area and there are some temples-Athena,
• Pathenon- big building- most important pice of Doric architect(oldest)-center of the city-temple to Athena who was the protector God-built from funds of Athenian legue
• Athens win at the battle of Soronius and Persians kicked back

More notes on Medici Movie

• Two cousins try to gain ultimate power
• 1501- Florence- Rennaissance for 200 years
• 13 foot block of marble was being made by Michaelangelo
• The project took 3 years to complete
• It symbolized the struffle of the family he once adored-Medici
• A civil war came out because of the wealth of the Medici family
• The heirs to the dynasty were cast into exile
• Julio-ordanded priest
• Govani- Already a cardinal
• Michaelangelo was almost done with his masterpiece to show the independence of Florence
• 1504- Michaelangelo showed his work to the outside world- The David
• The symbol of resistance to the overbearing Medici
• The cousins arrived in Rome after 9 years of exile
• The Pope was sympathetic and helped them assemble an army which headed back to Florence
• Some of the artists starteed taking dead bodies to study them- One of them was Leonardo
• Leonardo knew he was the greatest artist of his time, but Michaelanglo was his rival
• They each were given a wall to draw battle scenes on to see who was the best
• 1512- there was heavily armed soldiers getting really close to Florence
• The people prepared for the onslaught, but they knew they were outnumbered
• Nikelo Macheveli- determined to defend the city from the Medici dictatorship- he assembled a well equipped national army
• The army reached Platto just outside of Florence- It was a bloodbath
• Leaders of Republic Surrendered
• Medici got control of the city, but not the trust of the people of Florence
• The pope died and the cardinals were called to Rome
• Giovanni Medici became Pope Leo the 10th
• Florence welcomed him back with open arms
• First time the leader of the Catholic Church born in Florence
• In a month, his cousin was made Archbishop and Cardinal
• Giovani had risen higher than any of his ancestors
• Michaelangelo was forced to paint the Sistein chapel
• He had people help him paint it
• It was fresco-had to work really fast
• 300 figures and stories in the Bible- Creation of Adam, The Flood
• Crafted brilliance and greatest work of the Renaissance
• Medici saw power in Michaelangelo's work and made him an offer he dared not refuse
• Ordered him to build glorious tombs for their dead fathers that honored the Medici
• Machiaveli was thrown in prison and tortured- he was then exiled
• He wrote a handbook for dictators- Called the Prince-described the politics devoid of morality
• Medici refused to employ Machiaveli
• 1516- group of cardinals conspired to assassinate the Pope
• Leo was warned of the conspirators and went to kill the conspirators
• The Medici made sure the people surrounded them were loyal
• Leo created 100's of new jobs and sold them to those he could trust- he needed the money because he had used all the money
• He sold indulgence's to people, so they could get rid of their sins
• An indulgence could even be bought for the dead
• Profits soared and lifted Pope Leo out of death
• Luther was horrifed at what the church was doing
• Matin Luther published a Manifesto for change- it was printed and circulated- traveled really far and fast
• Start of a Revolution- Luther was trying to reform the church, not destroy it
• The Manifesto reached the Pope- it didn't really matter to him
• Leo wrote a document to silence heritichs-denied Luther access to heaven
• Luther didn't accept his punishment
• 1521- Leo suddenly died and Julio was left with the problem
• Julio was then crowned king and was left with the problem
• Armies went to Rome- you don't sack a sacred city
• Julio fled to somewhere and Rome was torn apart
• 8,000 people died on the first day
• Julio changed his clothes and had all the gold melted- he bribed his way out of the city
• The David was ruined- all in the defiance of the Medici
• Pople Julio was ready to attack Florence
• Michaelangelo cowered in the tombs that he had built
• Katherine Medici was 11 and next in line for the thrown- "Called her My pearl beyond price"
• Julio called off his troops- he had plans for Katherine
• He married her off to the son of the French king- she was 14
• Religious fate would soon infect France as well
• Julio asked Michaelangelo to paint a fresco- Painted the Last Judgement
• Transition of from Impressionism to Expressionism
• 1534-Julio died which ended the era
• Corrupt reign of the Medici Pope's were over

German Reprimation-Martin Luther

• 1483-desolation and disease-plague can wipe out entire towns, most children dead before they were 5
• only consolation was the church and promise of heaven-which made it most powerful-really rich, but also corrupt
• 1546-Luther travels to Eisleben on his final journey
• Came from Northern Germany with the Church as a major thing there
• Church declared everything
• Luther was an alter boy and sang in the choir
• His father broke free from the futile system- he was really hard on Luther and judged him-wanted him to become a lawyer
• Luther was always afraid of failing
• Enrolled in the university of Erford-gained his bachelor and masters
• Great center of the Church
• 1505- the plague struck Erford-Black Death
• 3 of Luther's friends were killed by the disease
• Returning home from visiting his family, he was caught in a thunderstorm, he vowed himself to become a monk
• He finally took charge of his life and did what he wanted
• Welcomed into the heart of the Catholic church
• Devoted himself to the church life and graduated to the black robe monks
• They imitated what happened to Christ
• The years in the monastery ruined his health
• Different from other monks because he carried about reconciled to God
• Went to Rome on a pilgrimage
• 1510- arrived in Rome when Rennaissance was in its height
• Overwhelmed by the city
• It was as much about money as it was religion
• Didn't like the way reflected Christianity
• Stayed in penance for a really long time
• Went to Wittenburg monastery
• Was taken under the wing of one of the monks and was made professor of bible study

Is a Monarchy more Effective than Democracy?

Two types of government have greatly affected our government how it is today. These two types are monarchy, with a king or queen, and democracy with a president and representatives. In England around 1509, they had a monarchy and Henry VIII was the king. Our type of government today is a democracy. The government we have is a much better type of government than a monarchy.

In 1509, Henry VIII was crowned king after the death of his brother (“Web”). With him being the monarch, he had all of the control over England except for the church which the Pope was in charge of (“Web”). Because King Henry VIII had all the power he could do what he wanted, so he just focused his attention on foreign policies in Western Europe (“Web”). Also, during Henry’s reign, there was a problem with the church and caused the formation of the Church of England (“Web”). Henry wanted a son, but his current wife Catherine could not have one (“Web”). He therefore wanted to divorce her and marry Anne Boleyn (“Web”). The Pope however, because he was in charge of the church, would not let him have the divorce (“Web”). So, Henry broke away from the church and created the Church of England. Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy saying that Henry was 'the only supreme head of the Church of England called Anglicana Ecclesia' (“Web”). The first line of the Act states, “Albeit the king's Majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church of England…” (“Act”). This shows that the king is the only one in charge instead of the Pope.Because you had to follow what the king made law; it caused many religious differences between the Protestants and the Catholics (“Web”).

Democracies help the country more. They allow everyone to have a say in what happens to their nation instead of just allowing one person to. In this type of government there are representatives to serve as the “people’s” voice. If the people do not like the person they have elected, they then have the opportunity to take them out of office. Also, there are three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial (“More”). They help to keep the representative in line, so there is no corruption of the government (“More”). Our president is in charge of the government, but they have to pass their ideas through Congress. Our current president Obama has many problems that were pushed upon him as soon as he stepped up as president (Kakutani). He inherited a major financial crisis and two wars (Kakutani). About the war, Obama says, “There is no denying the progress,'' Obama said. ''Nor, however, can we deny the very serious challenges still facing Afghanistan.'' (“New”). Obama understands the need for him to pull our country together and face the challenges put in front of him. Because other people have a say in the government, it runs smoother because it involves everyone else’s ideas.

The monarchy of Henry was a great reign and he accomplished many achievements. Monarchies are not very good because they involve absolute power. If someone has absolute power then there are always problems. In a democracy there might be problems, but they can be fixed very easily with help from representatives.



Web. 13 May 2010. http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensofEngland/TheTudors/HenryVIII.aspx.

"The Act of Supremacy." Then Again. . . Web. 13 May 2010. http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/ActSupremacy.html.

"1.6 Henry VIII (1509 - 1547)." PinkMonkey.com-450+ Free Book Notes,Study Guides,Chapter Summary,Online,Download Booknotes. Web. 13 May 2010. http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/euro_his/chap1/e0101601.htm.

"A More Perfect Union - History of Democracy." Oracle ThinkQuest Library. Web. 13 May 2010. http://library.thinkquest.org/26466/history_of_democracy.html.

Kakutani, Michiko. "Books of The Times - ‘The Promise - President Obama, Year One’ by Jonathan Alter - NYTimes.com." The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. 12 May 2010. Web. 13 May 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/13/books/13book.html?src=twt&twt=nytimes.

"The New York Times Log In." The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. Web. 13 May 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/05/12/us/AP-US-US-Afghanistan.html?_r=1&src=twt&twt=nytimes.

"File:Hans Holbein D. J. 074.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 13 May 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_d._J._074.jpg.

Genius

Yes, I do believe he does. Leonardo was a great painter and inventor of the Rennaissance time period. Writing an account of Leonardo's life, Giorgio says "...so great was his genius, and such its growth..." ("Medieval"). Leonardo invented such things like how to help men move mountains and way to remove water from low places ("Medieval"). Leonardo's most famous painting, was the Last Supper with Christ and the Apostles ("Medieval"). To keep all of his great ideas a secret he wrote them in code in his notebook. Leonardo da Vinci was a great influential person of the Rennaissance.



"Medieval Sourcebook: Giorgio Vasari: Life of Leonardo Da Vinci 1550." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 12 May 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/vasari1.html.

"File:Possible Self-Portrait of Leonardo Da Vinci.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 12 May 2010. .

Leonardo da Vinci

• Moved to Florence when he was 12


• began as an apprentice in a workshop to Verrocchio


• he kept notebooks and wrote notes about all his ideas on science and art


• one of the ideas was Perspective


• Leonardo wrote everything in code- Mirror Image

Elizabeth's rise to throne

Elizabeth was a very powerful ruler. To become the Queen first, her father died, then her half brother Edward became the king. However, his decisions were not made for him. Then Edward died and Elizabeths half sister Mary came to throne. Everyone disliked Mary and wanted Elizabeth to become queen. Elizabeth came to throne in 1558.



“Elizabeth I of England." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 11 May 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I

Notes on England Movie

• Cool, moderate, reconciled
• 1559- first came to throne and ruled for around 45 years
• Daughter of Henry 8th and Ann Belin
• When three months old she was given a household
• she had really wealthy looking clothes and stuff in her hair to show her status
• Ann was sentenced for death for treason and adultery
• Elizabeth's mom died so she was considered a bastard
• Mary and Elizabeth were then nice to eachother because they were both bastards
• 1543- the royal kids were in court alot
• Elizabeth became realy really smart
• 1547- Henry started to age rapidly and then eventually died
• Edward was to become the King, but was too young
• Thomas wanted to marry Elizabeth to gain power, but eventually married Katherine Parr and moved in Elizabeth
• After a scandel, Mary became Queen
• 1550- ran her own household
• Mary wanted England to become Catholic
• Mary had Elizabeth locked up, but in the end reconciled and Elizabeth was aloud to return home
• 1557- mary had a campaign against the french and her marriage to phillip had england at its lowest point
• 25 when she started her reign
• 1558- proclaimed queen of england

Henry

Henry wants to divorce his wife Catherine because she cannot produce a male son. He then meets Ann and wants to marry her. The Pope does not allow it. Henry then breaks off from the church and creates the Church of England. He was in charge of his churcha and could make the laws. Now, because of this he could divorce his wife and marry Ann.

"Henry VIII of England." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 11 May 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England#Separation_from_Rome:_1533.E2.80.931540.

Exploration

Exploration has shaped our culture to be how it is today. Exploration dates back to the beginning of the world as we know it. Native Americans explored the earth and its surroundings and Christopher Columbus decided to go off the norm and travel to America and explore it. People even explored the universe by going to the moon and helping us understand what is out of our reach from earth. During the Renaissance, the Medici family was one of the major families that explored and made Florence flourish with the beautiful arts. Exploration is definitely a good thing, even if there are consequences.
The Medici family generation went back to 1230 ("House”). They were one of the most powerful families of the time period of the Renaissance ("House”). The Medici family had friends everywhere. Giovanni Medici created the Medici Bank which was backed by the Pope ("House”). It became the wealthiest business in Florence of that time ("House”). The Medici’s worked very hard to become the most powerful family. The family was very into the arts and architecture ("House”). They explored it and took very big risks. One of the great risks they took included finding an architect that could finish building the most valuable building in Florence: its dome (“BBC”). The architect was named Fillipo Brunelleschi. He was a self-taught genius that had a very unorthodox type of art according to the other inhabitants of Florence (“BBC”). Medici, however, thought his style was great and started to pay him to do work (“BBC”). By doing this, concepts of the past were brought back which influenced many people across Europe (“BBC”). The Medici stayed by Brunelleschi side and backed him up on the building of the dome (“BBC”). Many people disagreed over his work and did not think it was going to be good, over many years; the dome was finally finished and became the greatest architect in Florence (“BBC”). Describing the dome, a man said “...It touches the skies and casts a shadow...” (“BBC”). By hiring Brunelleschi, the Medici family helped the people explore a new way of looking at the things around them.
The Medici family was very interactive with the arts of this time period. Art flourished amazingly during this time. Artists only made pieces of art if they were commissioned to ("House”). The Medici family paid many different artists to create art for them. They commissioned great artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo ("House”). The Medici family was also a direct involvement of the art by creating some of their own, especially Lorenzo Medici ("House”). Lorenzo was a poet and song writer ("House”). This was a very high point in the family ("House). “He [Lorenzo] had the greatest love and admiration for all who excelled in any art, and was a great patron of learning and of literary men…” ("Medieval”). From his love and admiration he helped Florence grow widely because of his exploration of the arts. “And for the purpose of enabling the Florentine youths to devote themselves to the study of letters, he established a university in the city of Pisa, where he employed the most eminent men of all Italy as professors.” ("Medieval”). Lorenzo created an art school to teach people art. In this school he featured some of his own art collection ("BBC”). Lorenzo was a great leader that greatly helped Florence to prosper.
The Medici family was a great, powerful family. They did not use their power for bad, but instead for the good. They helped the people of their city to see the beauty of art and to appreciate it by hiring artists. During their time, Florence was at one of its highest point. The Medici’s family’s exploration of art and architecture has greatly influenced the Renaissance and even our world today.


"BBC - BBC Four Documentaries - Northern Renaissance." BBC - Homepage. Web. 06 May 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/northern-renaissance.shtml


"House of Medici." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 06 May 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Medici#Designation_and_details

"Medieval Sourcebook: Niccolò Machiavelli: History of Florence: Lorence De' Medici." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 06 May 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/machiavelli-histflo-lorenzo.html

"File:Lorenzo De' Medici-ritratto.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 06 May 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lorenzo_de%27_Medici-ritratto.jpg

Medici

The Medici were a very powerful family with a lot of money. They created a bank and were backed by the Pope to become even more powerful. They paid artists and architects to do work for them which made the arts flourish because artists only worked if they were paid. They did it to be the most powerful family ahead of the other wealthy families and to be in charge of Florence.


"House of Medici." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 06 May 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Medici#Designation_and_details

"File:Bronzino-Giovanni-di-Medici-cropped.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 06 May 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bronzino-Giovanni-di-Medici-cropped.jpg

External vs. Internal

Both of these explorations have huge effects on society. You first need to understand know math and science before you can calculate how you are going to explore the world. During the Renaissance, both math and science were huge. During the Reniassance they found a new scientific method that helped explore the outer world such as astronomy, physcs, and anatomy. During this time, it was more humanism then philosophy. They studied poetry, grammar, history, moral philosophy and rhetoric. Both these have a very long effect on society and still effect us today.

"Renaissance." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 05 May 2010. .

"File:Lady with an Ermine.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 05 May 2010. .

Hawkins

I don't really think there is life out there. Even if there was it would take longer than 2 years to get to it. If there is life, we shouldn't try to find it. They could end up being more powerful than us humans and take over Earth. We should let them live, and they won't bother us.Hopefully...


Memmott, Mark. "Don't Tell The Aliens We're Here, Stephen Hawking Says; They Might Not Be Friendly - The Two-Way - Breaking News, Analysis Blog : NPR." NPR : National Public Radio : News & Analysis, World, US, Music & Arts : NPR. Web. 05 May 2010. .

"File:Stephen Hawking.StarChild.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 05 May 2010. .

Notes on Movie

• 1389- boy baptised, son of local birth-Medici
• Florence artists- Michalangelo, Leonardo,
• Men were searching for treasure in the Holy Church
• They were really after knowledge and secrets from the ancient world
• 1410- Belasiavaro was elected Pope
• City was a failure though because their dome was not finished
• Phillipo Brunilesci- self taught genius obsessed with the mysteries of the ancient worlds, his style was "unorthodox"
• The Medici's however took him and brought back concepts of the past
• Brunilesci influenced people across Europe
• Backed up by Medici's and set to work on the Dome
• he wrote his calculations on code, so people wouldn't steal his ideas
• he put a dome within a dome
• He made people eat and drink while building
• 14??- giovani medici died
• 1433- Cosimo was summoned to the palace of government- awaited were the Alebici and wanted to wipe him out
• He was imprisoned
• They couldnt kill him unless the people agreed
• he was accused of treason and was found guilty
• Cosimo still had friends even in the enemy..he made a deal and got out of death
• He and his family were banished
• Brunilessci was thrown in jail and the dome building stopped
• Florence stopped prospering
• Cosimo was waiting to be summoned because the city was downspiraling
• the people who had took over the city didnt help the city at all...friends of Medici went into the city and Medici was offered the city and he accepted
• Cosimo decided everything that had to do with the city
• Money came back to Florence and work continued on the dome
• The bank became larger and collected money from other parishes
• The Medici bank was the most prosperous business
• Brunillesco invented linear perspective- 3D
• He put bricks and verticle bricks and it was finished
• Brunelissci proved that mand can defeat the impossible
• "It touches the skies and casts a shadow" - talking about the dome
• Art and architect flourished in Florence
• Cosimo baptised a son and grandson
• He was named "Father of the Fatherland"

• 1466- the Medici were in danger of rival families
• People were trying to kill the father-"boss"
• Lorenzo saved his father and they remained in control of political and economic control of the empire
• 1449- medici family was at risk..medici father fell in and died
• Lorenzo was the inheriter...he was the God Father of Florence
• Lorenzo helped the people of Tuscany in exchange for what they could afford
• The Medici had a chapel full of pictures of their 3 generations and all their friends
• Everyone loves Lorenzo- he's fun and poetic
• Lorenzo wants to explore and finds an artist named Monticelli
• Lorenzo was still in danger
• the pazzi were the second richest family in Florence- they were older and nobler
• Lorenzo makes sure that they are kept out of the business of Florence
• Pazzi had to eliminate the 2 brothers of Medici
• Sunday 1478- Easter day- Medici were gathered to celebrate
• Juliano Medici-stabbed 19 times and died instantly
• Lorenzo was unaccounted for- he was wounded and he showed himself to the crowd to show that they were still in business
• Violence swept throught Florence has Medici's supporteers wanted revenge
• Medici's power hung by a thread
• Lorenzo went to negoiate alone with people in the south
• Traveled 300 miles -1479 arrived in Naples- he made peace with everyone and the enemy troops were called off- Lorenzo saved Florence from destruction
• Hailed by his grateful city
• His experiences had changed him and he worked to work to keep their family powerful
• he adopted his brothers son
• used power and wealth to magnificant effect
• Leonardo da Vinci- great talent-reflected the natural world
• Monticelli- Paegan mythologies
• Savonerola- sickened by Lorenzo's world and thought it was full of sin, opposed to any visual art not religious
• 1487- Lorenzo's wife died of turberculoses at age 34
• Lorenzo found solace in art- 1488 founded first art school in history-found Michaelangelo and put him under his wing and took him into his family
• Savonerola got an audience of people to hear him- he said he could see the future and the downfall of Florence with Lorenzo
• 1492- Lorenzo became seriously ill and turned to the church
• Lorenzo called Savonerola to his death bed and Lorenzo was damned
• Lorenzo died at the age of 43
• Savonerola destroyed everything Lorenzo created and burned books, wigs, jewels, cosmetics..everything from the Rennaissance
• Became known as the "Bonfire of the Vanities"
• Florence became a vision of hell

Middle and Rennaissance Art

Middle ages and its art was a lot different than the Rennaissance art. Most of the art built in the middle ages was for the church and it mostly had to do with Jesus. They also built many gorgeous stained glass windows for the church. In the Rennaissance, the artists stopped painting images of the church. They started to creat images from within and the human form.



"Medieval Art." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 04 May 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_art.


"Renaissance." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 04 May 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance#Humanism.

"File:ArrasWawel.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 04 May 2010. .

What do you think?

People view things differently when they glance at something. They make a judgment quickly about People view things differently when they glance at something. They make a judgment quickly about what it is they just saw. Whether it be a type of food or someone who just walked by you. A homeless person would probably think that the food looked really delicious while an upper class person would look at it and shrug. Someone who is lonely would look at the person walking by and think maybe they could be a friend, but a popular person would just think it was just another random person. Their thoughts vary. People of different classes think differently because of how they grew up and their perspective on what comes before them.

During the Medieval times knights were one of the more powerful classes. Knights thought that the common people should just farm the land and do all of the work ("Feudalism"). Also, they thought that whatever you were born into is where you will stay the rest of your life ("Feudalism"). So if you were born a serf, you stayed one and if you were born into a noble family then you were a noble and stayed one till you die. Knights also thought that knighthood was not all about fighting and glory ("Knighthood"). It was also about chivalry and respecting the other people ("Knighthood). Knights are faithful to their lord and will never do anything that is unfaithful to him or that makes him angry ("Medieval"). Knights thought that they were above everyone and could do what they wanted.

Merchants were a class of the medieval times that sold goods to other people. They thought differently from the knights. They traveled a lot to sell goods and they thought it was very uncomfortable and dangerous ("Trade"). If they were shipwrecked out in the ocean they would basically be left for dead because no one would know where they were ("Trade"). Merchants thought that knights stayed unmarried for their life and just went after every girl that they saw ("Chaucer's"). Chaucer tells of a knight who was wealthy, but was unwedded and wanted a wife. Merchants believe that knights are full of themselves and only go after women instead of doing work like them or common people.

Nuns were a very simple class that did not really ask for much. They thought they did not need much living in the life of God. Nuns thought it was better to be single and to eat and dress in simple attire ("Church"). Nuns obeyed their superiors and prayed every day ("Church"). Nuns also thought that by going on pilgrimages, that their prayers would be more powerful and help heal people better ("Church"). Nuns also believe that you should live "with resolute intent" and not be lazy ("Chaucer's").

Peasants were the last social group of this medieval time. They also, thought differently from each other class. Peasants were the working force of the world ("Roles"). They fixed and farmed and did the work of their masters ("Roles"). Peasants were also expected to give part of their crop to their lords and tax to the church ("Roles"). They did not like this at all. If they did not have a good crop that year, then their family might starve to death in the winter months ("Roles"). The peasants thought that they were doing to much work on the farms and they were getting tired of it ( "Froissart"). They decided to revolt against the king and try to end their slavery ( "Froissart").

People think of everything very differently from everyone else. Merchants were very jealous of the knights who thought that they were better than everyone else. The peasants were at the bottom and hated being treated like they were at the bottom even though there was no more slavery. By being in the class they were born into, they each viewed their lives differently from the next class.

Froissart: Beginning of the English Peasant Revolt." Nipissing University. Web. 30 Apr. 2010. http://www.nipissingu.ca/department/history/muhlberger/froissart/peasants.htm.

"The Church." Web. 30 Apr. 2010. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/middleages/church.html.

"Chaucer's Canterbury Tales ~ Presented by ELF." Chaucer's Canterbury Tales ~ Presented by The Electronic Literature Foundation. Web. 30 Apr. 2010. http://www.canterburytales.org/canterbury_tales.html.

"Roles and Rights of A Peasant." Web. 30 Apr. 2010. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/middleages/prole.html.

"File:Abbedissa, Nordisk Familjebok.png." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 29 Apr. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abbedissa,_Nordisk_familjebok.png.

"Feudalism." Web. 30 Apr. 2010. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/middleages/feudal.html

"Knighthood." Web. 30 Apr. 2010. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/middleages/knighthood.html.

"Medieval Sourcebook: "Feudal" Oaths of Fidelity." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 30 Apr. 2010. .

"Trade and Travel in the Middle Ages." Web. 30 Apr. 2010. .

"Chaucer's Canterbury Tales ~ Presented by ELF." Chaucer's Canterbury Tales ~ Presented by The Electronic Literature Foundation. Web. 30 Apr. 2010. .

"The Church." Web. 30 Apr. 2010. .

"Chaucer's Canterbury Tales ~ Presented by ELF." Chaucer's Canterbury Tales ~ Presented by The Electronic Literature Foundation. Web. 30 Apr. 2010. .

Middle Ages

The Muslims had control over Jerusalem in the eastern empire. Europe however, fell into a period of darkness where there was no knowledge coming in. The Muslims were gaining knowledge fast though. The church of Europe wanted to have control over Jerusalem so they sent 3 Crusades to try and gain it. Instead of having control over it they just lost the knowledge that they could have had. While the Muslims were prospering, the Europeans went into darkness.


"Middle Ages." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 29 Apr. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages#Religion

"File:Crusader Cavalry.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 29 Apr. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crusader_cavalry.jpg

Notes

• 1066- Battle of Hastings
• 1086-Doomsday Book
• 1087-1100- King William Rufus invades Wales and builds castles
• 1100-1135- Williams brother becomes King
• 1135-1154- King Stephan, 1099- first Crusade where Jerusalem is re-taken from the muslims on the urging of Pope Urban II, 1118 - knights Templar is founded to protect jerusalem and european pilgrims on their journey, 1147- second crusade
• 1154-1189-- reign of Henry the second, 1184- the Inquisitions begin-- they try to convert Jews and convert heritics(anyone who is saying stuff bad about the church) infamous in Spain (Spanish Inquisition)
• 1189-1199--King John- Died in the Crusades, 1190- the third crusade, Saladin united all the muslims to fight in the crusades, they recapture jerusalem and kick out hte europeans
• 1199-1216--reign of King John, he wasn't liked, 1200- he starts the 4th crusade resulting in the sack of constantinople, 1212- the childrens crusade, 1215/1215 the barrons revolt and in *1215 there is the signing of the magna carta- forced King John that the monarch has to play by the rule of law, before the kings were above the law, but now they are not -foundation of the Constinutional democracy
• 1216-1272-King Henry the III--1258 the provisions of Oxford, had to find a new form of government in England,
• 1272-1307--King Edward II- 1273- Rudolph I of germany elected the holy roman emperor, 1274- thomas aquinas createds the Summa Theologiae, 1295- Marco Polo publishes his tales of china, 1297-William Wallace emerges as Scottish leader
• 1307-1327--King Edward II- 1307-knights templar rounded up and murdered by Philip the Fair of france with the backing of the Pope, people thought they were becoming too powerful, 1311-1315 - the great famine
• 1327-1377--King Edward II-the 100 year starts between the french and english, they both become stronger than italy because they are unified..1st part of war- edwardian war (1337-1360) 2nd Caroline war (1369-1389) 3rd lancastrian war (1415-1429), 1347 the black death
• 1377-1399--King Richard II-1380 chauncer wrote the canterbury tales

12th Century Renaissance

The 12th Century was a time of change. The social, political, and economic parts of the ccentury changed into more of science and philosophical time. As a result there was the Italian Renaissance. During this time the Gothic and Romanesque architectures were very popular on buildings. During this time the philosophical and scienctific teachings were influenced by Latin. Also, in the 12th century the technology was more advanced. Paper manufacturing began in Italy and eyeglasses were also invented.

"Renaissance of the 12th Century." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 28 Apr. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century

"File:Eyeglasses.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 28 Apr. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eyeglasses.jpg

French Buildings

French Gothic buildings are usually taller and have large towers. In the west window there is three portals and a rose window. English Cathedrals are longer and are very horizontal. They have double transepts projecting strongly. The West window is very large and will never be a rose. Sometimes, they have similar like towers to the French Cathedrals.

The first picture is of the Cathedral of Limoges and the second picture is of Notre dame de Paris. They both are very large and have tall towers. However, in the England one, there is a Rose window, but there is not one in the French one.




















The first picture is of the Rouen Cathedral of France. The second picture is of the Salisbury Cathedral in England. The architect is similar, but the English one has larger windows and the arches are pointier.

























The first picture is of the Sainte Chappelle of England. The second is Coutances Cathedral in France. They both have very large beautiful stained glass windows.








"Gothic Architecture." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 26 Apr. 2010. .

"File:Notre-dame-de-paris Nuit F.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 26 Apr. 2010. .

"File:Limoges Cathédrale Saint Etienne.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 26 Apr. 2010. .

"File:France Rouen Cathedral Facade A.JPG." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 26 Apr. 2010. .

"File:Cathedrale De Coutances Bordercropped.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 26 Apr. 2010. .

Notes-Crusades

• Kingdom of France- split between barrons and dukes
• In England-ruled by Normans
• Capetians had a close tie with the church
• Gothic architecture going to England
• 8th century Spain occupied
• Muslims ruled country for 700 years
• Library of Alexandria burned- tkaen over by constantinople- knowledge is gone
• Knowledge base of western europe is shrunk
• mistake of crusades- the goal of getting jerusalem was bad..they just made the muslims their enemies..for 700 years they cut out that part of the year that they needed
• Result--plunged Europe into a dark age...but the other part of the world is going through a Renaissance-they have the works of Aristotle
• In Europe- we have a fear of the unknown
• They realized that the other people had Aristotle and they were just wasting their time
• Aristotle demonstrated that logic defeats superstition
• 2. anglosaxons bring christianity-religous significant- latin

Can you 'read' a building?

Many different buildings are built on this earth to portray the beliefs of the time period. Romanesque architecture and Gothic architecture were types of buildings that were built and show either the life and hope or the dark and despair. The Romanesque showed dark and despair while the Gothic showed life and hope. Romanesque architecture dated to about 1000 to 1150 until Gothic architecture started to take over. By looking at a building in this time period today, we can "read" the building and see what each building was about.

Romanesque architecture was used in the 12th Century. This type of architecture was used as fortresses. They were built big and strong. When cities were attacked the people would run and hide in cathedrals. Also, in these churches, there were pictures of judgment day outside of the door walking in. Most of the buildings had large stone pillars, small windows, towers, and round arches to keep the roof up ("Romanesque”). There were different variations of this architecture. The Burgundian Romanesque architecture had tall proportions elaborate decorations, pointed arches in the barrel vaults and early forms of rib vaulting and flying buttresses ("Romanesque”). The Cistercian Romanesque architecture did not believe in all the decorations in the churches ("Romanesque”). They thought it was a distraction to the monks and worshippers ("Romanesque”). The churches had round arches and no sculptures ("Romanesque”). However, they were still beautiful. The last type of Romanesque architecture is the Norman. The Normans used geometric decorations in their churches ("Romanesque”). Also, they had figurative sculptures ("Romanesque”). These three types of Romanesque cultures, are all different, but very similar with beauty.
Gothic architecture was used after the Romanesque period. Gothic architecture was a lot more open and free with many stained glass windows. The buildings had many, high windows and arches instead of the large massive fortresses of the Romanesque times. One of the leaders of the Gothic times was an abbot of St. Denis ("Medieval"). The abbey church was run down so he decided to rebuild it and make it new again ("Medieval") . To make it better, he made it bigger and full of light ("Medieval"). He created huge windows made of stained glass ("Medieval").. He also built a huge choir in the church ("Medieval"). When the choir was built, many archbishops and bishops came to be in the ceremony ("Medieval"). The French bishops and archbishops were some of the main leaders of the movement to go Gothic ("Medieval"). The abbot was fascinated with light, so he built what he loved ("Medieval"). He did not create this piece of art to start the movement, but in the end, he was one of the leaders.
Both of these two types of architectures are very easy to read just by looking at them. They each show distinctive traits that make it very easy to identify which part of the past they were a part of. Romanesque architecture show they are very protective and want to play it safe just in case an attack might occur and they need to go into a safe place. The Gothic architectures are all about light and hope. Their many gorgeous windows let light in and portray the symbolism of hope that Jesus will come again. Pictures of judgment day cover these buildings to show their belief toward Jesus Christ also. Both these wonderful architectures are seen in the beautiful buildings that are built with their style.



"Medieval Sourcebook: Abbot Suger on His Administration." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 22 Apr. 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/sugar.html

"Romanesque Architecture - Sacred Desitnations Guide to Romanesque Architecture." Sacred Sites at Sacred Destinations - Explore Sacred Sites, Religious Sites, Sacred Places. Web. 22 Apr. 2010. http://www.sacred-destinations.com/reference/romanesque-architecture

"File:All Saints Church, Eaton Road, Hove 07.JPG." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 23 Apr. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:All_Saints_Church,_Eaton_Road,_Hove_07.JPG

Imagination

During this time they tried to bring back the thinking of Plato and Aristotle. Most was about Aristotle, but there was still thoughts of Plato. They wanted to understand the human and the divine better. Avicenna, an Arab philospher said imagination was more important then intellect, but the people of the west say that imagination must be under control by intellect. Imagination is essential to see the difference between reality and transcendent reality ("Imagination").

"Imagination - Medieval And Renaissance Views". 22 Apr. 2010. http://science.jrank.org/pages/9771/Imagination-Medieval-Renaissance-Views.html

"File:Platon Altes Museum2.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 21 Apr. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Platon_altes_Museum2.jpg

Short Story

It was the year 3013. Flying cars were...flying. and robots were at every street corner. Everyone owned a robot to do household activities or just to have as a friend. The robots went everywhere that their owner went. To the mall, to the restaurant, to the bathroom. Everywhere. To keep the robots nice and clean, they put a certain kind of oil on them. All of a sudden people just started to drop off the face of the earth without a reason. There seemed to be no cause. One day they were living happily with their robot and then BAM ! they were gone. People's loved ones were waking up to see the cold, body of the dead. Screaming, at the insanity. Everyone was running outside in circles creating mobs and even killing eachother. Blaming everyone else for the problem. Know one knew that it was the cause of the robots. This plague lasted for 4 years. On the 5th year the robots all of a sudden started going absolutly crazy. This created more chaos and more deaths then before. Scientists, that were still alive, started doing tests and finally found out that the oil that was put on the robots were the killers of everyone. The oil was lethal to humans and eventually made the robots crazy. The military had to suit up and come and take all the robots away and dump them in a combine to crush them. The earth was left with fires burning everywhere and people's bodies slewed on it.

Notes

• Plague started in black rat's blood stream
• within 8 years reached crimea
• used the soldiers infected with the plaugue to infect the place they had a siege on
• poisoned water supply
• 1347- they reached a harbor in Sicily..the rats came off the ship and the black death went to Europe
• people looked toward their priests
• whoever touches or is in contact with the person who has the plauge soon dies
• blisters, boils on arms and knecks...they got really big..by the 4th day you were dead
• buried people outside the city walls
• ships with rats and cargos was the fastest way to spread the disease
• people said that they should start fires to burn the plague..when it neared the Pope they built huge fires
• the heat kept the rats and fleas away
• the Pope fell ill and tried to heal himself- he put heat on himself and tried to draw blood..he recovered
• 2 types of plague-pneomonic (worse) and bionomic
• flagulence inflicted themselves with pain to try and get God to stop the plague
• Jews were massacred
• the movement stopped
• 1350- the plague stopped
• killed 1/3 of europes population
• Turning Point of Europe
• fleas transmitted the disease from the rats with a bite
• The church let doctrines take apart the bodies
• People believed in God more- but they had little faith in the church *

Monasteries

They became centers of learning because the monks had to know how to read and write. It was a basic skill to be able to do these in the monastery ("Medieval"). They needed to be able to read and write so they could write the scriptures.


"Medieval Monasteries." History Learning Site. Web. 19 Apr. 2010.
"File:Catholic Church of St. Francis Ksaver, Monastery of Jesuits, MahiloÅ­.jpg - Wikimedia Commons." Main Page - Wikimedia Commons. Web. 19 Apr. 2010.

Submission

Leadership is a natural thing that people have. Some people are born with it and some people can learn to obtain it. To be a leader, you do not necissarily be good at what your doing, but able to teach it. Leadership is not about having power either. Good leaders are helpful and do not overuse the power they have. You can be a leader of an Army like Alexander the Great or a sports team. People look up to leaders to help them because they have a certain aura around them. Leaders carry themselves with dignity. Some people are not ment to be leaders and follow the leaders. Followers are not a bad thing. Alexander was born great and had the power to lead others around him. There are leaders in the world and then there are followers. Leaders should be good role models to the followers and give them someone to look up too.


"File:AlexanderTheGreat Bust.jpg - Wikimedia Commons." Main Page - Wikimedia Commons. Web. 19 Apr. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AlexanderTheGreat_Bust.jpg

Notes

• Dynasty emerges in France called Caperians- family that brings the french throne out
• gained power by supporting the church
• helped church by building abbeys and monasteries-centers of learning, books copied
• they begin writing on animal hides- called manuscripts
• 1095- Pope orders the first crusade- want to kick out the Muslims..end Europeans soldiers to fight in Jerusalem-FAIL- they get wiped out
• Romanesque Art
• cathedrals built like fortresses-people hid in there when they were attacked
• inside the cathedral was images on judgement day
• 12th Century- Gothic Century- opposite of romanesque- stained glass-all about the light of the world and Hope-rose window in the entrance

Free

I think all humans are different from each other. Some people like to be free from all the laws and from what other people are doing, but some people need to have laws and to be around people to function properly. Everyone is different though. Laws help us to stay in line, but they still allow us to be free to be who we want to be. Most teenagers have the "innate instinct" to be free from what adults tell them to do or how to act. When people are captive though, they also have the instict to get away and to be free. Everyone has a part of them to be free from everyone else.

"File:Harriet Tubman.jpg - Wikimedia Commons." Main Page - Wikimedia Commons. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harriet_Tubman.jpg

Power and Equality

The people of the Medieval times were very segregated. They believed that whatever class you were born into was where you would stay until you die. Peasants were not equal to the aristocrats and instead had to work for them. The bishop of Constance called together serfs to tell them they should choose a task, such as a carpenter, miller, gardener, or cobbler and work for an estate for the rest of their life. The Constance also told them that if they died their inheritance would be passed down to their heir, but if someone else inherited the land then they wouldn't have their gifts.

"Medieval Sourcebook: Gebhard, Bishop of Constance: Allocation of Serfs to Crafts,990." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 14 Apr. 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/990serfcrafts.html

"File:Kulikov In a Peasant's House.jpg - Wikimedia Commons." Main Page - Wikimedia Commons. Web. 14 Apr. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kulikov_In_a_peasant%27s_house.jpg

Notes

• Boys sold as slaves and girls were made maid servants.
• What you were born into is what you died as.
• 5% Clergy- priest and monks
• 5% Aristocrats- knights, lords/ladies,nobles
• 90%- Serfs who worked for the rest of everyone
• Value of life was determined by what class you were- Peasants worth the less
• The Serf was tied to the land they...if you tried to escape you were punished

Gothic Architecture

Gothic architecture didn't reflect a change in Church theology. The people did not view their religion differently because of the architecture that was created to be put in their churches.They added tall windows and tall towers. The churches of this era were also built bigger because they had more money.



"Gothic Church Architecture." History Learning Site. Web. 13 Apr. 2010. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/gothic_church_architecture.htm

File:Saints-Michel-et-Gudule Luc Viatour.jpg - Wikimedia Commons." Main Page - Wikimedia Commons. Web. 13 Apr. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saints-Michel-et-Gudule_Luc_Viatour.jpg

Cluniac Reform

During the time period of the Cluniac Reforms where they tried to bring back the old life. Art and caring for the poor were practiced. During this time period fabrics, tapestries, stained glass and alters of gold were brought into the church.


"Cluniac Reforms - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia." Main Page - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 13 Apr. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluniac_Reforms

"File:Cluniac Monk.jpg - Wikimedia Commons." Main Page - Wikimedia Commons. Web. 13 Apr. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cluniac_monk.jpg

Could Rome Have Risen Without Slavery?

Rome was rising to power fast. They had just about everything: People, land, good government, but one major thing that helped them was slavery. Slaves were owned by the Romans to do tasks that were needed to be done. If the Romans did not have slaves they could not have risen to power.
Romans relied on their slaves on too much to do their work for them (Madden). The slaves that the Romans owned were mostly prisoners from war that they took back with them (Madden). Infants born by a slave were also automatically considered a slave (Madden).For work, the Romans relied on the male slaves to do the hard work, like mining, unloading docks, and in building (Madden). The female slaves were used for cooking, weaving, and cloth making (Madden). With the slaves doing this work, the Romans could focus on doing their own thing to help them rise to become more powerful.
There were, however, problems with the slaves that could have been avoided if they were fixed in the right way. The Romans obtained slaves after Carthage collapsed (Diodorus). From getting the slaves, they immediately branded them to make them theirs (Diodorus).. As a result of this, the Servile War broke out (Diodorus). Some other causes for the revolt were the following: slaves were granted limited food and clothing, and they were being beaten for the work they did (Diodorus). If the Romans were nice and kind to their slaves for doing the work they are doing for them, the slaves would have been more willing to work. Instead, the Romans beat the slaves and did not give them a sufficient amount of items to survive well with. As a result, the slaves revolted and killed their masters to get away from all the hardships (Diodorus). The revolts affected the kingships greatly. One king, Eunus, killed slaves that were a part of a revolt (Diodorus). The king should have tried to figure out their problems instead of executing them. The Romans treated the slaves horribly.
Romans were also not fair to their slaves that they owned. It shows in the story of “The murder of Pedanius Secundus”. It says, “…One of his slaves killed…either because he was denied freedom when he had paid his agreed price or…”( Tacitus) It goes on to tell us what the senators think of the death. It shows us, though, that other slave masters did this act to their slaves that they owned. It is unfair and unjust. If the Romans were trustworthy to their slaves and offered them their freedom then they would have been more willing to help the Roman that they are working under and the Romans would not have to deal with worrying about the slave revolts.
The Romans were cruel and nasty to the slaves that they inherited to the war. The slaves caused multiple revolts that the Romans then had to deal with. If the Romans treated the slaves like human beings there would not have been as many problems.

Review Notes 3/22

Sumeria

• Sumerians had first form of writing


• Code of Hammurabi is the first modified code


• Zygerat is a temple


• Described place where the Garden of Edan was in Mesopotamia ("Country between 2 rivers")


• The rivers create an oasis


• Tel- tells you that there is something to dig for

Egypt

• Cared a lot about death


• Put a lot of money into making death good


• The Pharaoh was God on earth- controlled necessary flood of the Nile


• Believed in the Ka


• After you die, your Ka hung around a while to see if it survived to afterlife


• Organs taken out except the heartand the body was mummified


• The Nile floods and creates an Iluvial plane (plane fed by freshwater) and creates good farmland


• When it floods, it tears apart the land, so it brings sediments and freshwater

Minoans

• Had to sacrafice people to Minotaur until Thesus killed it


• Volcano (Thera) blew up and creates a large cloud that makes the crops stop growing


• Crete goes through a steady decline

Good vs Bad

Many people sometimes have a hard time distinguishing who the good guys are and who the bad guys are. It is a matter of the act they perform and how they perform it. The good guys are always the hero and the bad guys are always well, the bad guy. The bad guy may think the act he is doing is good, but to everyone else it is bad. In history, there are many, many good and bad guys that have either helped their country or ruined their city.

Charlemagne was one of the good guys. He inherited Western Europe from his brother who had just died ("Historical"). Charlemagne inherited the kingdom when the kingdom was falling. Everyone had forgotten about education and the arts ("Historical"). Charlemagne decided to conquer barbarians and restore the culture of the kingdom ("Historical"). To strengthen the kingdom, he decided to go on a thirty-year campaign to conquer people and convert them to Christianity ("Historical"). Charlemagne’s campaigns were very peaceful and he avoided fighting as much as possible unless the victims were resisting ("Historical"). After all of his campaigns, Charlemagne’s kingdom reached France, Switzerland, Belgium, The Netherlands, half of present-day Italy and Germany, some of Austria, and the Spanish March ("Historical"). By conquering all of these places he created a central government in Western Europe and revived most of the Roman Empire ("Historical"). Because Charlemagne was such a great leader, he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III ("Historical"). After he became emperor, he made sure he helped the peasants and one's who weren't as wealthy ("Historical"). Two of Charlemagne's major achievements were spreading Christianity and education to everyone and not just the wealthy people ("Historical"). Charlemagne also brought back the arts by bringing art pieces from Italy and putting them in his Cathedral that he built ("Historical").

Vikings were considered the bad guys who went around killing everyone that they wanted. Everyone hated the Vikings because they just went around killing people. To the Vikings, the raids were normal and were usually done when there were problems in their society ("Hurstwic"). The Vikings also thought that the raids they performed were honorable and made them to be more wealthy and famous ("Hurstwic"). To obtain the items they wanted from the people they might burn down their house to take the goods they had that were reasonable to take on their ships ("Hurstwic"). The Vikings also took people has "loot" when they went on raids ("Hurstwic"). The first major Viking raid was against a monastery in Lindisfarne ("Hurstwic"). The Vikings knew that the people of the monastery could not defend themselves, so they attacked it. The monastery had a lot of money and valuable items, so the Vikings attacked them to get the wealth. ("Hurstwic"). Most of the attacks made by the Vikings were on the victims who could not really defend themselves ("Hurstwic"). The only real reasons that the Vikings raided was for fame, fortune, and revenge ("Hurstwic"). The raids left many people killed and places in ruins. The Vikings only raided for their pure pleasure to obtain the three achievements of fame, fortune, and revenge.

History is formed by all the good people and the bad people of the world. They have all shaped history to be how it is today. The good guys help most everyone around them to better, like Charlemagne giving everyone a chance to excel at learning. The bad guys, like the Vikings, have their stretch, but then it eventualy ends. The bad guys, however, do bad things to change the world, but there are always good guys to help balance it out.


"The Historical Charlemagne." UCLA Humanities Web Server. Web. 19 Mar. 2010. http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/Santiago/histchrl.html

"Hurstwic: Viking Raids." Hurstwic, a Viking Age Living History Society. Web. 19 Mar. 2010. http://www.hurstwic.org/history/text/history.htm

"File:Charlemagne.jpg -." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 19 Mar. 2010. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charlemagne.jpg

Gibbon/Arnold

6. Required Daily (from last unit): Summarize and Compare Gibbon to Toynbee on the End of the Roman Empire.
Gibbons, in his observations, thinks that the fall of Rome was going to happen anyway and he does not understand why it lasted as long as it did. By splitting up the empire, with Constantine in the east and emperors in the west it was dangerous. Constantinople, helped to try and preserve the empire, but it didn't help the west. Gibbons also blames the fall on Christianity. He believes that people were to focused on religion and which one is the right religion. Arnold doesn't believe what Gibbons says about Christianity. He thinks that the fall of the empire was before Christ not after him. Arnold thinks that the civilization made themselves fall. He thinks that if they were not full of themselves than they would have succeeded.


"Medieval Sourcebook: Gibbon: The Fall of the Roman Empire." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. .

"Arnold Toynbee - Christianity and Civilization." Welcome to MYRIOBIBLOS - The Etext Library of the Church of Greece. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. .

"File:Edward Gibbon.jpg -." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. .

Charlemagne

5. Give three examples of Charlemagne's influence in the architecture or literature of the Early Middle Ages.

At dinner Charlemagne read books or listened to music. A book he really liked was "The City of God" written by St.Augustine. Charlemagne also took grammar lessons and other types of lessons like dialects and astronomy. He loved the Church of St.Peter and the Apostle of Rome that he gave it gold and precious stones. The art made was mostly for the monasteries. He wanted to make this church better than any other church. Most of the architecture of the time was just like Roman architecture.





"Medieval Sourcebook: Einhard: Life of Charlemagne." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/einhard1.html

"Carolingian Art - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia." Ow.ly - Shorten Urls, Share Files and Track Visits - Owly. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. http://ow.ly/1nOX3

"Carolingian Architecture - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia." Ow.ly - Shorten Urls, Share Files and Track Visits - Owly. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. .

Viking Creation Story

The vikings believe that there were 9 worlds: The gods, the elves, the fire, the ice, the giants, the dead, and the dark elves, the dwarfs, and where they lived. There used to be no earth and no grass,but then Bur's son lifted earth and Midgarth was created. There was sun from the south and the moon didn't know its power yet. The God's were then created with names. The God's met at a place called Ithavoll where they made shrines, forges, and tools. The God's made laws and gave life to men and their sons and made their fates. There was a war between the God's and the Wanes. The Wanes won and then the God's violated their oath to the giants. War broke out and they all fought. People had their fates of death. Thor slays a serpent and with breathing in the venom breath he dies. The whole world falls apart, but then it comes back to life ("Poetic").



"The Poetic Edda: Voluspo." Ow.ly - Shorten Urls, Share Files and Track Visits - Owly. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. .

"File:Skírnismál-748-2v.jpg -." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. .

Viking Helmets

Why are Viking always depicted as wearing those hats with big horns on them? If they did in fact wear them, what kind of animal did they use to get them?
Vikings did not have horns on their helmets. They were only depicted that way in art. Instead of horns their hats were of hard leather with wood and metal reinforcement used for the regular troops. The chieftans had an iron helmet with a mask. The one true viking helmet was dated back to the 10th century and was made of iron.


"Viking -." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 17 Mar. 2010. .

"File:Leif Ericson on the Shore of Vinland.gif -." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 17 Mar. 2010. .

Edda and Heimskringla

"Edda -." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 16 Mar. 2010. .

"File:Snorre Sturluson-Christian Krohg.jpg -." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 16 Mar. 2010. .

"Heimskringla -." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 16 Mar. 2010. .

Notes 3/16

• Middle Ages-6th Century to the 14th or 16th
• Vikings-From Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland
• As Roman became Christianized, so did the Celts
• Vikings weren't part of the empire, so they didn't practice the religion
• Weren't afraid of death; If you died on battlefield..you would go to Valhalla
• Fearless

Viking Religon/Norse Mythology

The nine worlds:

• Midgard-(where we are)
• Alfheimr-(north)-elves
• Svartalfaheim-(south)Black elves
• Vanaheimr-(East)
• Muspellheim-(East)-world of fire
• Jotunheimr(southeast)-Land of giants
• Nilfilheium-(World of Ice)-
• Asgard-(Above us)-Where the God's live
• Hel-regular afterlife
• Ginnungapap- land farthest away and no one has been there

Edda

• 2 of them
• one in prose
• story of the God's

Runes

• The alphabet
• Used them on documents and stones, diminution

Ragnarak

• The world was going ot have a huge fire and from the ashes a new city will be born

Heimskringla

• About the kings
• Written by Snorri Surlson

• River journeys and open water- Designs for ships

Vikings

Brett Farve will most likely be back. Even though he is obviously too old to be playing football, he will keep coming back like a bad cold. The Vikings, however, is a very common mascot for sports teams because Vikings are known for their fighting. In sports, it shows they are tenacious and powerful like the ancient vikings.

"Brett Favre In Minnesota Vikings Uniform On Sports Illustrated on Flickr - Photo Sharing!" Welcome to Flickr - Photo Sharing. Web. 15 Mar. 2010. .

Notes 3/15

• Hadrian builds a wall- "Hadrian's wall"- limits expansion in the north.
  Era when the expansion of the Roman Empire ENDS.
• Severn Dynasty-Septimius Severius-First African Emperor of Rome
• Caracella is assassinated...Age of the Soldier Emperor
• No one has control because everyone is killing each other..
• Diocletian comes and changes everything even the government into a Dominat (One guy puts everything in order-Tetrarchy(Rule of 4) He takes the Roman Empire and splits it in half where 2 guys control each part..One wants more power than the other and war breaks out
• Maxentius and Constantine are the two most powerful of the tetrarchy and go head to head at the battle of Milvian Bridge (Oct.28 312), Constantine wins the battle
• That morning Constantine saw a vision in the sky of a Chi ro(First 2 letters of Christ) The soldiers painted it on their shields and he won the battle...He now made Christianity legal. Before they wouldn't pay tribute to the other Gods.
• Constantine's victory gave him total control of the western Roman Empire, paving the way for Christianity as the dominant religion over Europe.
• He made the new capital of Rome Constantinople

Late Antiquity

• Era of soldier emperors
• rise of dicletiaons and tetrarchs
• rise of Constantine and new government
• rise of new capital
• Gauls, Vandals coming in to attack the city of Rome and it falls in 476

Early Christianity

• Christianity is illegal so they use the symbol of the fish.
• Use of symbols
• portrayed Jesus differently

Byzantine Age

• Ravanna is the capital
• Constantinople is the "Seat" of Byzantine Empire
• Picture: Church is strong and army is strong and Justinian has both of the, so he is VERY strong